Espaço urbano

In the context of the complexities related to the expansion of the planet's urban areas and sustainability, the aim of this article is to analyze the Muepo/Riortas Project, an initiative developed between 1989 and 1996 by the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) in partnership with the Brazilian National Agricultural Society (SNA) and Rio de Janeiro's Superintendency for the Environment. After conducting interviews with the coordinators and community leaders involved and analyzing technical reports produced by Rio's City Hall and PUC-Rio, the project's main lines of action were identified as the following: the political issues, sustainable soil productivity, range of vegetable species and economic viability of community allotments. The project addressed fundamental issues, such as the need for planning tools in order to guarantee the continuous production of a range of vegetable species over time and to maintain and expand the productive capacity of the soil through organic cultivation methods. The number of allotments established by the project was much lower than the 15 that were planned. Two units were opened during the period analyzed: the Allotment School and the Santa Cruz Community Allotment. Production at the Allotment School, located at the Wenceslau Bello School of Horticulture, involved the weekly harvest and sale of 250x2.5 kg vegetable bags for two years running. This was enough to guarantee the allotment's economic sustainability. The Santa Cruz Community Allotment, however, did not manage to achieve economic viability over the period analyzed. Technical issues associated with the planning and management of the soil were addressed well, but empowerment mechanisms and community involvement proved to be weak during the installation and maintenance of the allotment. In summary, the Muepo/Riortas Project has established new a paradigm for urban community allotments and should form the basis for any future multidisciplinary research seeking integrated solutions for the creation of more sustainable cities.

The replacement of fossil fuels by clean energy sources has emerged as a focus for those concerned with the creation of a less polluted urban environment. In this context, Brazil's use of ethanol as a vehicle fuel is unique, especially considering the country's successful adoption of flex-fuel technology first introduced in 2003. Currently, most of the fleet of vehicles circulating in Brazilian cities can use ethanol. The effect of this alternative fuel on the Brazilian urban environment is the focus of this study. In our study, the relationship between Brazil's fleet of flex-fuel vehicles and local CO2 equivalent emissions was investigated using parametric and semiparametric analysis based on modified Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) equations. The analyses employed an annual set of state-level panel data for the period from 1998 through 2013. Both analyses show that the Brazilian introduction of flex-fuel vehicles in 2003 contributed to a marginal reduction of passenger car CO2 emissions by 2013. Moreover, results also indicate that (1) there is evidence that flex-fuel vehicles can be a component in the generation of an EKC; and (2) there is a negative relationship between the area under sugarcane cultivation and CO2 emissions due to carbon sequestration. These results indicate that the substitution of ethanol for gasoline through the use of flex-fuel technology leads to fewer total greenhouse gas emissions, considering that greenhouse gas emissions from ethanol combustion and ethanol processing are outweighed by their sequestration during sugarcane growth in rural areas.

Innovations in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) can better connect circular economy (CE) and climate change (CC) since they have many trade-offs, especially in developing countries. Studies report the main barriers to innovation in MSWM that constrain a more circular economy (CE) and climate responses, but little is known about possible paths for innovation. Thus, this article aims to identify the main enablers of innovations in MSWM. Four municipalities in Brazil were selected because they presented highly innovative actions in the MSWM that reduced trade-offs between CE and CC. Based on an analysis of the economic, environmental, and operational performance of the four MSWM, we found reductions in Greenhouse Gases (GHG - CO2eq per inhabitant) of up to 90% and lower waste management costs per inhabitant compared to the national average. Four main enablers made the innovations possible to accelerate the transitions to a more circular and low-carbon economy in municipalities: local capacity, intergovernmental collaboration, MSWM with local partners, and environmental education that promotes social participation. This research contributed to developing a method to identify enablers at various system levels and propose technological approaches and practices that enable innovation in MSW management. Such measures can serve as a subsidy for circular disruption and as a basis for intervention in MSWM, especially in developing countries.

O que é um líder na percepção de um líder? Esta é a questão que a autora enfrenta, utilizando um instrumento psicossocial e psicanalítico em bairros populares de João Pessoa. A partir deste marco teórico de análise é possível perceber que as identidades assinaladas não são similares, mas contrastantes. De fato, as entrevistas realizadas permitem registrar uma clara contradição entre a identidade do líder no espaço individual-familiar e no espaço social-coletivo em que o sujeito se encontra inserido. Por sua vez, esta contradição parece emergir como elemento novo no estudo das relações entre os movimentos sociais e políticas públicas.

In cities of the Global South, universal physical access to networked infrastructures, such as electricity and water, is often presented as enabling the reduction of social and spatial divisions. Whereas most of the discussions in these cities have focused on the obstacles to networked infrastructure expansion, little attention has been paid to the increased universalization of the physical electricity network in several Latin American, Caribbean, and Asian cities. This article unpacks the discussions around the modern infrastructural ideal and its local reshaping by building on the case of Rio de Janeiro, which has achieved universal grid electricity coverage, but where strong urban inequalities remain. By focusing on electricity grid management in favelas, this article analyzes how infrastructural inequalities emerge within the network. It suggests that, in order to understand how urban inequalities are reproduced or mitigated through networked infrastructure, it is important to consider the governance aspects of managing infrastructure. It develops this argument by focusing on the multi-level and heterogeneous spaces of infrastructure governance, including both national and institutionalized arenas, and local everyday practices between local actors on the ground. This analysis shows how networked infrastructural inequalities emerge from negotiation processes in which the fragmented nature of the urban environment is embedded. Through this analysis, the article contributes to current discussions on the urban geography and techno-politics of infrastructure by highlighting the negotiated nature of infrastructural inequalities beyond the modern infrastructural ideal.

Nascida do ideal modernista do desenvolvimento nacional, Brasília — Capital da Esperança — desde sua gênese apresentou-se como a materialização da utopia desenvolvimentista brasileira. Teve o progresso planejado em cada linha do seu projeto urbanístico-arquitetônico, o qual traçou uma cidade sul-real, apresentada ao mundo capitalista como mais humana, igualitária e harmônica que as cidades reais efetivamente existentes. Hoje, 37 anos após sua inauguração, muitos se perguntam: o que aconteceu ao sonho? Da Utopia à Exclusão: vivendo nas ruas em Brasília é um livro que procura mostrar, sem uma pretensão generalizadora, um dos muitos aspectos nos quais falhou o sonho de Brasília: a utopia da integração depara-se, nos dias atuais, com uma triste realidade de miséria e exclusão.