Infraestrutura urbana, serviços urbanos e equipamentos coletivos

Os anos 50 no Brasil transitaram do Nacionalismo de Vargas ao Desenvolvimento de JK, passando pela implantação definitiva de uma sociedade urbana modernizada. Sintonizada com a atmosfera desponta uma geração, imbuída de uma nova sensibilidade estética e novos hábitos de consumo. Neste universo criou-se a base da primeira estrutura de mercado de arte no país, nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, tendo como condutor as galerias privadas de arte moderna e contemporânea.

O artigo aborda a violência urbana, em especial, contra a criança e o adolescente no Rio Grande do Sul, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1890 e 1920, dando destaque para a assistência médico-hospitalar decorrente de violência e para as políticas públicas implementadas para atendimento e recuperação social dos menores infratores. As fontes documentais consultadas, ainda que raramente ofereçam indicações explícitas sobre os motivos que levaram à prática infratora e à internação, permitem inferências através do estabelecimento de relações entre os ferimentos apresentados e os meios empregados para causá-los. Em relação aos maus-tratos e às situações de atentado ao pudor, as constatações se baseiam em denúncias, em registros policiais e na incidência de exames de corpo de delito realizados. 

On the same October day in 2009 that the International Olympic Committee announced the 2016 Summer Olympics would be held in Rio de Janeiro, the mayor of Rio de Janeiro announced that Vila Autódromo — a fairly small favela in the west part of the city, crowded between a lagoon, an automobile racetrack, and a busy highway, and ultimately the Olympic Park — would be removed as part of the infrastructure plan designed to prepare the city for the Games. This article examines the case of Vila Autódromo, and the resistance of favela residents to being forcibly removed from their community, to provide insight into the sources of opposition and resistance to urban development. The practice of force devictions in the name of urban development will be explored as a manifest form of marginalization in the context of Olympic development. Rather than concealing urban problems, urban spectacles such as the Olympics serve to highlight social inequalities and display highly contradictory urban representations that can spawn agendas of resistance that serve to complicate elite redevelopment agendas and divide progrowth coalitions.

We aim at assessing neighborhood effects on the socioeconomic integration of poor individuals living in three shanty towns of Salvador, Brazil. Grounded on semi-structured interviews, we demonstrate that the spatial proximity of Nordeste de Amaralina to affluent gated communities fosters the interviewees’ economic integration. However, mechanisms of social segmentation impede cross-class interactions. In the peripheral São João do Cabrito, the interviewees’ confinement to the local social context along with the absence of positive social references produce their social isolation and constrain their economic integration. Yet in the peripheral Fazenda Grande II/Jaguaripe I, the shared use of urban services by socially dissimilar groups provides an opportunity-enriching environment for the lower echelons. We discuss two mechanisms that account for neighborhood effects: changes in the support structures and the impact of crime. Concluding, we advocate for a multidimensional approach to neighborhood effects, capable of attending to the interrelatedness of micro, meso, and macro-social factors.

A process is recognized as collaborative when it demonstrates the involvement of multiple stakeholders who are mobilized to interact and negotiate horizontally in order to achieve common objectives. Although efforts can be made to make a process collaborative, a governance process is situated in particular histories and geographies, and collectively shared cultures, norms, and behaviors can help or hinder the emergence of inclusive democratic practices. As a result of broader urban reforms that have been occurring in Brazil over the last 20 years, and particularly a shift in the institutional arrangement of planning in Curitiba, the 2014 Curitiba Master Plan was developed within a more democratic framework, with the engagement of several governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders. Despite adopting a more collaborative approach to planning, this plan is as generic as the 2004 Curitiba Master Plan it replaced, which was proposed within a technocratic framework. If the 2004 and 2014 institutional arrangements and processes were so different, why did they achieve similar results? To answer this question, this study investigates which elements influence the endurance of established practices in urban planning processes. The basic assumption is that the final product of a planning process is heavily influenced by existing and long-lasting institutions, which carry internal beliefs and procedures into new planning approaches. The evidence pre-sented in this study shows that path dependence on ideas, behaviors, and actions has been perpetuating planning practices that have been established in Curitiba for decades.

Brazilian housing movements often use the slogan “a home is an entryway to all other rights,” which embodies the belief that a secure home is just the beginning of claiming the rights of citizenship. These movements rejoiced when President Lula da Silva came to office in the 2000s and enacted social programs meant to reshape the relationship between citizens, the state, and the market. But how did reform of social programs prove to be empowering of individuals and transformative in urban governance? In this paper, I evaluate how the Minha Casa Minha Vida Entidades Program, based on the principles of auto-gestão (self-management), shaped feelings of self-efficacy and civic participation of residents at the time of construction and beyond. Through interviews and surveys with residents in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador, I find their experiences led to feelings of empowerment and many sought to work collaboratively to make further claims of the state. These individual and community-level transformations may also be the start of greater movement toward the right to the city across Brazil.

This research note seeks to update our understanding of the factors that influence shifts in social movement strategies. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, I assess the role of crisis in whether and how social movements reshape their strategies and perhaps redefine their fight for the right to the city. Though previous research has shown the importance of political opportunities and ideology for social movement strategies, we need to reassess these variables and the direction of change in times of crisis. Using the case of the Union of Housing Movements in São Paulo, I find that though the tactics of the movement responded to a conflictual relationship at the federal level and a need to meet immediate needs of members, the ideology of the movement provided the structure for continuing to engage in inclusionary governance strategies and renewed energy for transformational change.

O artigo objetiva evidenciar um conjunto de mudanças institucionais sofridas pelas políticas culturais brasileiras na contemporaneidade, em escala nacional, e compreender como tais configurações produziram novas formas de agenciamento cultural e de ação política, em escalas locais. Para tal, inicialmente realizou-se uma revisão de estudos sobre as políticas culturais no Brasil, conforme literatura específica. A seguir, mediante acompanhamento sistemático destas políticas em duas cidades brasileiras – Gramado (RS) e São Luiz do Paraitinga (SP) – analisou-se sua implementação e os modos de ação dos atores nesses processos, considerando suas tensões, disputas e interesses em jogo.