Políticas públicas

With the world becoming increasingly urban, housing poverty in the global south has made the metaphor ‘planet of slums’ a global reality. This paper revisits the dichotomy of enabler vs. provider debate in housing policy that preoccupied housing scholars in the last few decades. Drawing on the government intervention in Brazil and India, it is argued that the transformative and adaptive capacity of enabling strategy has now come of an age. Among other things, the paper makes a close reading of the historical and geographical (re)constitution of the process of housing delivery in these countries and argues that they have adopted enabling strategies along with closely intertwined strategies of crisis management and show a clear predisposition towards earlier provider approach of state administered, large-scale housing programmes to support the low-income households. Thus, as one policy approach follows another, the discursive space for the government policy doctrine acquires a layered structure, which contains elements of both provider and enabling approaches. Whilst these developments, still evolutionary, challenges remain in the form of conceptual contradictions that continue to obscure our approach towards low-income housing policies in the global South. Arguably on this basis, considerably more, attention should be given to providing housing to the poor in the global South.

O artigo aborda a violência urbana, em especial, contra a criança e o adolescente no Rio Grande do Sul, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1890 e 1920, dando destaque para a assistência médico-hospitalar decorrente de violência e para as políticas públicas implementadas para atendimento e recuperação social dos menores infratores. As fontes documentais consultadas, ainda que raramente ofereçam indicações explícitas sobre os motivos que levaram à prática infratora e à internação, permitem inferências através do estabelecimento de relações entre os ferimentos apresentados e os meios empregados para causá-los. Em relação aos maus-tratos e às situações de atentado ao pudor, as constatações se baseiam em denúncias, em registros policiais e na incidência de exames de corpo de delito realizados. 

Este  estudo  compara  certas  características  básicas  da cultura  política  nas  cidades  de  Curitiba  e  Porto  Alegre,  analisando  as suas  diferenças  e  convergências  como  formas  locais  complementares de  manifestação  da  conquista  da  cidadania,  em  distintos  contextos histórico-sociais,  durante  o  processo  de  democratização  da  esfera pública.  Este  trabalho  se  opõe  aos  estudos  empíricos  convencionais da  cultura  política,  inspirados  nas  teorias  da  modernização, argumentando  contra  o  viés  determinista  desses  estudos,  e  os procedimentos  de  hipergeneralização  por  eles  geralmente  adotados. O  estudo  argumenta  por  uma  abordagem  que  retrate  e  interprete  o pluralismo  constitutivo  da  cultura  política,  expresso  no  exercício  da cidadania  durante  os  processos  de  democratização.  

O autor analisa a relação entre a literatura que trata da configuração das instituições democráticas, em décadas recentes, e aqueles trabalhos que abordam as características da cultura política dos espaços urbanos. Argumenta sobre a necessidade de se viabilizar o diálogo entre as perspectivas teóricas culturalista e institucionalista, que, até agora, se desenvolvem de forma paralela e estanque.    

Privilegiar a análise das representações sociais significa reconhecer sua importância teórico-metodológica como estratégia de conhecimento do social. Considerando a temática da qual se ocupa, o artigo explicita a pertinência da Teoria das Representações Sociais como possibilidade de análise do fenômeno da violência contemporânea, assumindo ser impossível compreendê-lo sem se interrogar sobre sentidos, valores e crenças que estruturam e presidem a vida social. O texto ressalta a importância de que políticas públicas de segurança levem em consideração significações e sentidos, de natureza subjetiva, expressos nas Representações Sociais, elaboradas e produzidas não apenas pelos integrantes da área de segurança pública mas, igualmente, por aqueles que direta ou indiretamente se beneficiam ou sofrem as consequências de seus acertos ou desacertos, ou seja, a sociedade, em seus distintos segmentos. Em outras palavras, através da utilização de evidências empíricas, aponta-se a pertinência de inserir a temática das representações sociais e de seus conteúdos no horizonte das preocupações dos formuladores de política. O Distrito Federal é o universo empírico que dá suporte às análises realizadas.    

Existing studies about the politics of southern cities, particularly Latin American cities, need to pay more attention to the political institutions behind urban governance. These institutions, additionally, were not created by design but are a product of intertwined historical processes. This article analyzes the main features and transformations of Latin American local governments, their politics, and governance, looked at from the angle of their historical formation. Mobilizing arguments from urban studies and political science usually developed apart, I start with the legacies of two intertwined historical processes—urbanization(s) and state formation(s)—to later observe their recent transformations since the recent return(s) to democracy. The reconstruction of these intertwined historical trajectories and of the effects of the present democratic period help to jointly explain the most important features of the politics of local governments in Latin America that influence their governance and actions—capacities, political grammars, actors, and coalitions—as well as their recent transformations.

This paper aims to make a modest contribution to the debate on how the ecologies of urbanization help us understand the socio-spatial changes we confront in the climate emergency. The intervention is constructed in four steps. First, it speaks to what kind of Urban Political Ecology (UPE)—or generally what I call a “spatialized political ecology”—may be appropriate for urban society. In a second step, it historicizes and spatializes the narrative by introducing an urban political ecology of landscapes. For that, the paper mobilizes the concepts of boundaries, belts, and in-betweens. The third part illustrates the transformation of postsuburban political ecologies in three rather different world regions. The last part of this paper examines what the potential is and what need for action exists in an urban society threatened and conditioned by the climate emergency and the Capitalocene. Ultimately, the paper aspires to move the debate on UPE more into the direction of making it relevant for the urban affairs of a suburban planet.

This article explores how two community-led newspapers in Maré and Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, promoted social resilience in their respective favelas during the first 6 months of COVID-19. We reviewed stories published in both newspapers and interviewed a sample of their journalists to investigate the newspapers’ responses to the pandemic’s effects, government policies (or lack thereof), and resident reactions to evolving virus-related risks during our study period. We employed Keck and Sakdapolrak’s social resilience framework to examine our data and found that the newspapers contributed significantly to the resilience of both communities during our study period. Contrary to the neoliberal view of resilience as self-reliance, these newspapers sought instead to encourage sustained collective agency and to challenge oppressive governance through generative activities and advocacy. Our findings deepen understanding of the role of community-organized activities in marginalized populations’ struggles to assert their right to the city, particularly during crises.

This article explores Rio’s housing policy transformation over the past 2 decades to reveal how it has contributed to rendering evictions and relocations possible and acceptable in the wake of mega-events. Theoretically, the article adopts actor-network theory (ANT) and the political sociology of public policy instruments (PPI) and delves into the unfolding of Rio’s slum upgrading instrumentation from 1993 to 2012. This article argues that the weakening of slum upgrading as a central policy instrument to address Rio’s housing problem together with the reemergence of housing construction as a suitable solution have contributed to the development evictions and relocations in the wake of mega-events. Therefore, the article highlights that evictions relate not only to capitalist accumulation and the neoliberal paradigm but also to other dynamics, contributing to a more nuanced account of Rio’s urban transformations in recent years.