Fluxos populacionais e migrações

One of the main factors of imbalance in the urban development of cities is undoubtedly their growth rate. In this sense, one of the main characteristics of rural-urban migration phenomena that have shaped the development of megacities in developing countries has been the need to integrate a large mass of people through processes of rapid growth of its urban plot. In this paper the growth of five different cities in Latin America is analyzed from the perspective of the impact of these processes of transformation in the urban landscape, describing different levels of pathology in their development. Consumption of periurban space, cityscape misconfiguration, or the longterm sustainability of these processes of transformation are complex issues that need to be addressed from a rigorous and technical perspective. These variables will be subject to GIS evaluation and diagnosis by territorial indicators in order to establish patterns of behaviour.

One of the new challenges globalization raises to urban management is the increasing number of international migrants moving to cities of developing countries and their impact on urban governance. Although there is growing perception that urban cultural diversity is a desirable outcome of globalization, most international migrants add to the low-income population and are particularly affected by urban exclusion. Furthermore, local governments in developing countries are seldom prepared to cope with the ad hoc policies needed to integrate people with different cultural, social and religious traditions into the urban society. Such policies should aim to encourage mobility and temporary vs. permanent migration, strengthen civic identity, deal with the cultural differences and the resulting discriminatory reactions from local residents, promote participation and representation, and fight the social and economic exclusion that often expose migrants to illegal activities contributing to raising urban violence.

Nascida do ideal modernista do desenvolvimento nacional, Brasília — Capital da Esperança — desde sua gênese apresentou-se como a materialização da utopia desenvolvimentista brasileira. Teve o progresso planejado em cada linha do seu projeto urbanístico-arquitetônico, o qual traçou uma cidade sul-real, apresentada ao mundo capitalista como mais humana, igualitária e harmônica que as cidades reais efetivamente existentes. Hoje, 37 anos após sua inauguração, muitos se perguntam: o que aconteceu ao sonho? Da Utopia à Exclusão: vivendo nas ruas em Brasília é um livro que procura mostrar, sem uma pretensão generalizadora, um dos muitos aspectos nos quais falhou o sonho de Brasília: a utopia da integração depara-se, nos dias atuais, com uma triste realidade de miséria e exclusão.

This article examines the trafficking of Venezuelan truck drivers for labour exploitation in Brazil. The remilitarisation of politics is increasingly a hallmark of elite-driven strategies to manage the circulation of labour and goods from extractive zones. This article introduces the notion of logistics of unfreedom to explain the growing imbrication between techniques of control by the state and corporations that confine the reproduction of migrants within the realm of logistics processes. The analysis focuses on data from participatory observations and the narratives of 22 Venezuelan refugees who were trafficked from a militarised humanitarian zone in Brazil's Amazon to work for a freight road transport company in Southern Brazil. Findings show that a concerted logistic approach to refugee employment channelled mobility, constrained statutory protection and shaped the ethno-political differentiation of Venezuelans in the labour market. This forced Venezuelans to live in trucks where both productive and socially reproductive aspects of their daily lives were overdetermined by the rhythms of goods distribution. The article concludes that this logistic rationale has converged towards a self-contained regime of labour unfreedom that facilitates the labour trafficking of Venezuelan refugees.

 It is often argued that various forms of illegality persist in the Brazilian Amazon because of weak frontier governance. However, very little is understood about how this governance can be strengthened in the context of social and spatial change in a way that will counter illegality. Drawing on the concept of heterotopias, as discussed by Michel Foucault, and the life history of an illegal logger in an agrarian reform settlement project in the state of Pará, this paper approaches frontier governance by conceptualising the ‘settlement heterotopia’ as a real, lived-in place in which the space that makes up various state and nonstate actors’ sites of action interact and continually rearrange power relations. This rearrangement process may or may not work to legitimise illegality and, therefore, strengthening frontier governance involves a process by which collaborative power relations emerge and residents decide to work with the state instead of alongside illegality.

The association between logistics and militarised humanitarianism is expanding as a strategy for managing migrants' productive and reproductive lives. In Brazil, despite a progressive humanitarian visa policy, the national army remains responsible for the logistics of a severely underfunded humanitarian operation in Brazil’s Amazon. This study, based on participatory action research with 300 migrants, introduces the notion of martialisation to show political and socioeconomic dimensions that are juxtaposed in the military logistics of humanitarian zones and subsequently experienced as a dominant structuring process of exploitation. These are securitization of migration linked to at once the deepening of market liberalism and the normalisation of military intervention within productive and reproductive processes. Findings show that the military leadership in Brazil’s humanitarian response reveals a multi-scalar phenomenon of military rule that contributes to sustaining the repressive labour regime in Brazil’s Amazon. It articulates the structures of labour subordination with the micromanagement of reproductive measures by which migrants are controlled, exploited, and dispossessed of their rights. The conclusion makes the case for the collective organization of migrants in pursuit of transformative action.

O trabalho apresentado nesse Seminário tem a intenção de colaborar com o debate da imigração no Brasil através de uma experiência que cotidianamente atende brasileiros deportados e inadmitidos que chegam ao Aeroporto Internacional de Guarulhos, vindos principalmente da Europa e dos Estados Unidos. O desrespeito constante com esse público ressalta a necessidade de uma política pública que permita um atendimento humanizado, a partir da perspectiva dos direitos humanos. A visibilidade desse debate contribui para o desenvolvimento de ações que garantam a reciprocidade de tratamento de brasileiros no exterior e de estrangeiros no Brasil. Os resultados dos atendimentos efetuados durante o Projeto Piloto, concluído em dezembro de 2007, constataram a importância da proposta do Posto de Atendimento Humanizado aos Migrantes para o fortalecimento da rede de atendimento às vítimas e também para a implementação do Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas.

Mais do que qualquer outro momento na história, o mundo atual parece encontrar-se convulsionado. Novos modelos de produção e mudanças no mercado têm impactado de maneira definitiva as relações de trabalho, e assim outras institucionalidades são criadas. Ao mesmo tempo, formas de se posicionar diante da vida emergem de modo vigoroso. Ainda nesta perspectiva de mudanças, as migrações de trabalho, de uma maneira geral, estão aumentando significativamente neste início do século XXI. Em certos casos, assumem formas dramáticas de vencer o desemprego, sobretudo em países emergentes. Neste contexto, o desejo, mesmo de maneira irregular, de chegar aos Estados Unidos pelo México ou de chegar a Guiana Francesa pelo Oiapoque, para milhões de trabalhadores imigrantes parece ser o mesmo, ou seja: conseguir trabalho e viabilizar melhores condições de vida.

O presente paper visa abordar a questão dos imigrantes de origem libanesa e seus descendentes, majoritariamente de religião muçulmana, residentes na região da tríplice fronteira: Brasil – Argentina – Paraguai. Dado que a proteção dos direitos humanos garante a todos a liberdade de manifestar sua religião ou suas convicções mediante o culto, a observância, a prática e o ensino, veremos como o exercício da fé muçulmana não apenas é possível e existente na região, como também é fator significativo para a reafirmação identitária e reconstrução de uma comunidade.